تجرى في العالم حاليا الكثير من عمليات زرع الأعضاء مثل الكلى والرئة والقلب، بعد الحوادث أو في حالات مرضية معينة، لكن عمليات زرع الدماغ لا تزال مستحيلة.
تشير المعلومات المتاحة إلى أن مركز “Alcor” في ولاية أريزونا الأمريكية يحتفظ حاليا بأكثر من 150 رأسا بشريا محفوظا بالتبريد ضمن ظروف خاصة، على أمل أن يتمكن الطب مستقبلا من إعادة زرع الأدمغة في أجساد جديدة. إلا أن العلماء يؤكدون أن هذا النوع من العمليات لا يزال مستحيلاً في الوقت الراهن.
ويوضح الدكتور ماكس كروكوف، جراح الأعصاب في كلية الطب بولاية ويسكونسن، أن العقبة الأساسية تكمن في عدم قدرة الجراحين حتى الآن على إعادة وصل الأعصاب في الجهاز العصبي المركزي، أي الدماغ والحبل الشوكي، بخلاف الأعصاب الطرفية التي تمتلك قدرة محدودة على التجدد.
وأشار إلى أن حتى عمليات الزراعة الجزئية للدماغ، مثل استبدال المخيخ، تبقى غير ممكنة حاليا بسبب التعقيد الهائل للشبكات العصبية. كما أن التجارب السابقة لزراعة الرؤوس على الحيوانات لم تحقق نجاحا حقيقيا، إذ لم تعش الكلاب والقرود التي خضعت لهذه العمليات سوى أيام معدودة. وفي سبعينيات القرن الماضي، تمكن الدكتور روبرت وايت من زرع رؤوس قرود استطاعت المضغ والبلع، لكنها لم تنجُ لأكثر من تسعة أيام.
ومع ذلك، لا يستبعد العلماء إمكانية الاستفادة مستقبلا من بعض مفاهيم الزراعة العصبية، خصوصا في مجال الخلايا الجذعية والعضيات الحيوية المصغرة، وهي مجالات تشهد تطورا بحثيا متسارعا. فمن الناحية النظرية، يمكن للخلايا الجذعية المبرمجة للتحول إلى خلايا عصبية أن تندمج بشكل أفضل داخل الدوائر العصبية مقارنة بالخلايا الناضجة.
وتُجرى حاليا تجارب سريرية لاستخدام هذه التقنيات في علاج أمراض مثل باركنسون، والسكتات الدماغية، وإصابات الحبل الشوكي، والصرع، رغم عدم اعتماد أي منها حتى الآن للاستخدام الطبي الواسع.
من جانبه، يؤكد عالم وظائف الأعصاب في جامعة جنوب كاليفورنيا روسلان راست أن التحدي الأكبر يتمثل في ضمان تحوّل الخلايا المزروعة إلى النوع المطلوب بدقة، وقدرتها على الاندماج داخل الشبكات العصبية المستهدفة بطريقة صحيحة.
وفي المقابل، يبقى تجميد الرؤوس البشرية رهانا على مستقبل علمي بعيد للغاية، إذ يأمل مؤيدو هذه الفكرة أن تتمكن التكنولوجيا يومًا ما من إصلاح الشبكات العصبية المعقدة وإعادة ربطها بأجساد جديدة. لكن الأوساط العلمية تؤكد حاليا أن زراعة الدماغ أو الرأس، وحتى إعادة إحياء دماغ مجمّد، لا تزال ضمن نطاق التصورات النظرية البعيدة عن التطبيق العملي.
المصدر: mail.ru
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